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''Halal'' certification in Australia began in 1974. The Australian Federation of Islamic Councils (AFIC) was recommended as the sole authority for the standardisation and oversight for food products purchased by religious Muslims in Australia.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=After the Second World War )〕 ''Halal'' literally means "permissible" in Arabic, and refers to food items that are permissible to consume under Sharia law, and ''Haram'' (lit. unlawful) refers to any substance not permitted to consume. According to the Australian Food and Grocery Council, Halal must be "free from any substance taken or extracted from a Haram animal or ingredient (e.g. pigs, dogs, carnivorous animals, animals not slaughtered in compliance with Islamic rites); made, processed, manufactured and/or stored by using utensils, equipment and/or machinery that has been cleaned according to Islamic law (e.g. not cleaned with alcohol); and free from contact with, or being close to, a Haram substance during preparation, manufacture, processing and storage (e.g. blood, alcohol, poisonous and intoxicating plants and insects such as worms and cockroaches)."〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Halal Certification " Australian Food & Grocery Council )〕 The Australian Government does not have a formal role in labelling Halal food for domestic consumption. Halal certification is used for meats〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Halal critics vilify community )〕 and other products including traditional Australian food items such as vegemite〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=George Christensen uses Vegemite to suggest halal products are funding terrorism and sharia )〕 and Anzac biscuits.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=What's the big fuss about Halal certification? )〕 Halal serves as part of the trade links between Australia and several Muslim countries, particularly Middle Eastern ones. ''Halal'' meat and meat product exports to the Middle East and Southeast Asia have greatly increased from the 1970s onwards; this expansion was due in part to efforts of the Australian Federation of Islamic Councils.〔Kabir, Nahid. ("Muslims In Australia." ) Routledge. Accessed 17 November 2014.〕 Certification, which involves both costs〔(Religious levy costs Queensland abattoirs thousands each month )〕 and restrictions,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Queensland abattoirs hit with thousands in Halal certification fees )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Aussie firms paying inflated price to have Halal certification )〕 is necessary to access this large export market. The federal Department of Agriculture approves the certification of Halal food for export to Islamic countries.〔 ==Background== In 1981, a meat substitution scandal where substitution of horse and kangaroo meat for beef in consignments for overseas exports threatened the reputation of the Australian meat export industry.〔http://websearch.aic.gov.au/firstaicPublic/fullRecord.jsp?recno=207474〕〔http://websearch.aic.gov.au/firstaicPublic/fullRecord.jsp?recno=214395〕 The next year, a Royal Commission into the meat industry investigated mislabeling of meat products, which included forged halal certificates.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=How they fed us donkey burgers )〕 The Royal Commission said that Halal certification monopolies should be avoided and that fees charged should "not be seen as a way of raising revenue for other Muslim purposes unconnected with the meat industry."〔〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Halal certification in Australia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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